The great classical music conductors Europe
Jochum or Cortot? Muti or Kleiber? It is difficult for inquiring minds to tackle such abundant fields as classical music and opera, covering 10 centuries of history: there are really many conductors. Making a selection of musicians, such as a “top 10” for example, is a difficult and subjective exercise. A musical selection is often the expression of personal preferences or artistic opinions, very interesting but also very different according to critics or musicologists, or simply influenced by the context: will an English conductor not be instinctively privileged by an English critic?
For example: in Mexico, Alondra de la Parra, Mexican conductor, occupies a special place in front of the Belgian conductor Philippe Herreweghe, who is more distant but nevertheless more internationally renowned.
Timeline of conductors in Europe
Whoever wants to discover classical music or opera does not always have an experienced music lover, an expert or an educator at his or her side to support and guide him or her in these fields. So : Jochum (German conductor) or Cortot (Franco-Swiss pianist and conductor) ? Nikisch (Hungarian conductor) or Ormandy (Hungarian conductor and violinist) ? However, the knowledge available about musicians is enormous. It was processed to select the 10, 25, 50... most popular conductors around the world, for those living or having lived en Europe, . And this objectively, and for the first time (soclassiq exclusivity).
Conductors rendered as a timeline to bring a little perspective:
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ComposersConductorsTLyrical singersPerformers 2021
This timeline is interactive to navigate through the ages or across continents (with ).
Why are all these composers included in this timeline?
Many composers have also been concert performers or conductors, although their fame is associated with their work today. On the other hand, some conductors such as Arturo Toscanini, Georg Solti ... or musicians such as Martha Argerich, Vladimir Horowitz, Glenn Gould ... have also composed. Itzhak Perlman, David Oïstrakh... very well known as concert performers, have also conducted orchestras. Others, such as Leonard Bernstein, Pierre Boulez, William Christie ..., are renowned as much for their careers as composers, conductors and performers.
Top 10 conductors in Europe
Who are these greatest conductors, the most famous over the 1880-2020 era in Europe? The carreer of these musician has marked the history of classical music. There are those you probably know, or at least by name and the others.
Here are these 10 conductors, renowned artists from around the world:
The musicians and artists who also composed were removed from this ranking.
The selections of musicians (conductors) proposed by soclassiq are based exclusively on algorithms. The same applies to the composers, their works, the performers, the lyrical singers, les orchestras, and the venues : opera houses, concert halls or festivals.
What about the others? 25, 50 or more?
Summarizing to 10 musician names such a wide and diverse field may seem extreme or too simplistic for those who know classical music and lyrical art well, for those who can easily name 50 or more conductors. Baronet, Kremer, Böhm, Barenboim, Oistrakh, Sawallisch, Järvi...
At this time, soclassiq has listed more than 4600 conductors. So here is a selection of some conductors for the years 1880-2020, in Europe, widely recognized around the world:
Note:
- This selection may include highly reputed artists and musicians who have occasionally devoted themselves to classical music and not exclusively.
- It may also include conductors who have been or are composers, some more renowned for the work they have left than for their careers as musicians.
Evald AavThe great classical music conductors
1900-1939 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Claudio AbbadoThe great classical music conductors
1933-2014 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Paul AbrahamThe great classical music conductors
1892-1960 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Salvatore AccardoThe great classical music conductors
age 79 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Jehan AlainThe great classical music conductors
1911-1940 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Isaac AlbénizThe great classical music conductors
1860-1909 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Géza AndaThe great classical music conductors
1921-1976 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Leif Ove AndsnesThe great classical music conductors
age 50 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Ernest AnsermetThe great classical music conductors
1883-1969 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Anton ArenskyThe great classical music conductors
1861-1906 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Vladimir AshkenazyThe great classical music conductors
age 83 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Leopold von AuerThe great classical music conductors
1845-1930 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Mily BalakirevThe great classical music conductors
1837-1910 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
John BarbirolliThe great classical music conductors
1899-1970 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Daniel BarenboimThe great classical music conductors
age 78 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Thomas Beecham, 2nd BaronetThe great classical music conductors
1879-1961 (20th century)
Conductor
Rudolf BarshaiThe great classical music conductors
1924-2010 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Yury BashmetThe great classical music conductors
age 68 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Luciano BerioThe great classical music conductors
1925-2003 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Herbert BlomstedtThe great classical music conductors
age 93 (20th century)
Conductor
Karl BöhmThe great classical music conductors
1894-1981 (20th century)
Conductor
Victor BorgeThe great classical music conductors
1909-2000 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Giovanni BottesiniThe great classical music conductors
1821-1889 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Nadia BoulangerThe great classical music conductors
1887-1979 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Pierre BoulezThe great classical music conductors
1925-2016 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Johannes BrahmsThe great classical music conductors
1833-1897 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Benjamin BrittenThe great classical music conductors
1913-1976 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Max BruchThe great classical music conductors
1838-1920 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
Hans von BülowThe great classical music conductors
1830-1894 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Fritz BuschThe great classical music conductors
1890-1951 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Ferruccio BusoniThe great classical music conductors
1866-1924 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Pau CasalsThe great classical music conductors
1876-1973 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Alfredo CasellaThe great classical music conductors
1883-1947 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Sergiu CelibidacheThe great classical music conductors
1912-1996 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Riccardo ChaillyThe great classical music conductors
age 67 (20th century)
Conductor
Ernest ChaussonThe great classical music conductors
1855-1899 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Alfred CortotThe great classical music conductors
1877-1962 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Peter Maxwell DaviesThe great classical music conductors
1934-2016 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Vincent d'IndyThe great classical music conductors
1851-1931 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Ernő von DohnányiThe great classical music conductors
1877-1960 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Plácido DomingoThe great classical music conductors
age 80 (20th century)
Lyrical singer & Conductor
Antal DorátiThe great classical music conductors
1906-1988 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Marcel DupréThe great classical music conductors
1886-1971 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Maurice DurufléThe great classical music conductors
1902-1986 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Charles DutoitThe great classical music conductors
age 84 (20th century)
Conductor
Antonín DvořákThe great classical music conductors
1841-1904 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Edward ElgarThe great classical music conductors
1857-1934 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
George EnescuThe great classical music conductors
1881-1955 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Zdeněk FibichThe great classical music conductors
1850-1900 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
Dietrich Fischer-DieskauThe great classical music conductors
1925-2012 (20th century)
Composer, Lyrical singer, Performer & Conductor
Julius FučíkThe great classical music conductors
1872-1916 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
Wilhelm FurtwänglerThe great classical music conductors
1886-1954 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Niels GadeThe great classical music conductors
1817-1890 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
James GalwayThe great classical music conductors
age 81 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
John Eliot GardinerThe great classical music conductors
age 77 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Valery GergievThe great classical music conductors
age 67 (20th century)
Conductor
Michael GielenThe great classical music conductors
1927-2019 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Carlo Maria GiuliniThe great classical music conductors
1914-2005 (20th century)
Conductor
Alexander GlazunovThe great classical music conductors
1865-1936 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Reinhold GlièreThe great classical music conductors
1874-1956 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Bernard HaitinkThe great classical music conductors
age 91 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Uzeyir HajibeyovThe great classical music conductors
1885-1948 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Johan HalvorsenThe great classical music conductors
1864-1935 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Nikolaus HarnoncourtThe great classical music conductors
1929-2016 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Hans Werner HenzeThe great classical music conductors
1926-2012 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Philippe HerrewegheThe great classical music conductors
age 73 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Ferdinand HillerThe great classical music conductors
1811-1885 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Paul HindemithThe great classical music conductors
1895-1963 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Engelbert HumperdinckThe great classical music conductors
1854-1921 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
Jacques IbertThe great classical music conductors
1890-1962 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Johann Strauss IIThe great classical music conductors
1825-1899 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Ioan IvanoviciThe great classical music conductors
1845-1902 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
Leoš JanáčekThe great classical music conductors
1854-1928 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Marek JanowskiThe great classical music conductors
age 81 (20th century)
Conductor
Mariss JansonsThe great classical music conductors
1943-2019 (20th century)
Conductor
Paavo JärviThe great classical music conductors
age 58 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Neeme JärviThe great classical music conductors
age 83 (20th century)
Conductor
Joseph JoachimThe great classical music conductors
1831-1907 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Eugen JochumThe great classical music conductors
1902-1987 (20th century)
Conductor
Dmitri KabalevskyThe great classical music conductors
1904-1986 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Emmerich KálmánThe great classical music conductors
1882-1953 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Herbert von KarajanThe great classical music conductors
1908-1989 (20th century)
Conductor
Rudolf KempeThe great classical music conductors
1910-1976 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Aram KhachaturianThe great classical music conductors
1903-1978 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Erich KleiberThe great classical music conductors
1890-1956 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Carlos KleiberThe great classical music conductors
1930-2004 (20th century)
Conductor
Otto KlempererThe great classical music conductors
1885-1973 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Hans KnappertsbuschThe great classical music conductors
1888-1965 (20th century)
Conductor
Zoltán KodályThe great classical music conductors
1882-1967 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Kirill KondrashinThe great classical music conductors
1914-1981 (20th century)
Conductor
Erich Wolfgang KorngoldThe great classical music conductors
1897-1957 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Serge KoussevitzkyThe great classical music conductors
1874-1951 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Gidon KremerThe great classical music conductors
age 73 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Rafael KubelíkThe great classical music conductors
1914-1996 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Franz LachnerThe great classical music conductors
1803-1890 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
Michel LegrandThe great classical music conductors
1932-2019 (20th century)
Composer, Lyrical singer, Performer & Conductor
Franz LehárThe great classical music conductors
1870-1948 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Erich LeinsdorfThe great classical music conductors
1912-1993 (20th century)
Conductor
Gustav LeonhardtThe great classical music conductors
1928-2012 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Franz LisztThe great classical music conductors
1811-1886 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Witold LutosławskiThe great classical music conductors
1913-1994 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Mykola LysenkoThe great classical music conductors
1842-1912 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Muslim MagomayevThe great classical music conductors
1942-2008 (20th century)
Composer, Lyrical singer & Conductor
Gustav MahlerThe great classical music conductors
1860-1911 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Neville MarrinerThe great classical music conductors
1924-2016 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Frank MartinThe great classical music conductors
1890-1974 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Pietro MascagniThe great classical music conductors
1863-1945 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Kurt MasurThe great classical music conductors
1927-2015 (20th century)
Conductor
Erkki MelartinThe great classical music conductors
1875-1937 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Willem MengelbergThe great classical music conductors
1871-1951 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Gian Carlo MenottiThe great classical music conductors
1911-2007 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Yehudi MenuhinThe great classical music conductors
1916-1999 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Oskar MerikantoThe great classical music conductors
1868-1924 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Darius MilhaudThe great classical music conductors
1892-1974 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Dimitri MitropoulosThe great classical music conductors
1896-1960 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Stevan Stojanović MokranjacThe great classical music conductors
1856-1914 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
Ennio MorriconeThe great classical music conductors
1928-2020 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Moritz MoszkowskiThe great classical music conductors
1854-1925 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Yevgeny MravinskyThe great classical music conductors
1903-1988 (20th century)
Conductor
Riccardo MutiThe great classical music conductors
age 80 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Oskar NedbalThe great classical music conductors
1874-1930 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Andris NelsonsThe great classical music conductors
age 42 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Carl NielsenThe great classical music conductors
1865-1931 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Arthur NikischThe great classical music conductors
1855-1922 (Romantic)
Performer & Conductor
Luigi NonoThe great classical music conductors
1924-1990 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Jacques OffenbachThe great classical music conductors
1819-1880 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
David OistrakhThe great classical music conductors
1908-1974 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Eugene OrmandyThe great classical music conductors
1899-1985 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Andrzej PanufnikThe great classical music conductors
1914-1991 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Krzysztof PendereckiThe great classical music conductors
1933-2020 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Ildebrando PizzettiThe great classical music conductors
1880-1968 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Maurizio PolliniThe great classical music conductors
age 79 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Amilcare PonchielliThe great classical music conductors
1834-1886 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Georges PrêtreThe great classical music conductors
1924-2017 (20th century)
Conductor
André PrevinThe great classical music conductors
1929-2019 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Sergei ProkofievThe great classical music conductors
1891-1953 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Giacomo PucciniThe great classical music conductors
1858-1924 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Sergei RachmaninoffThe great classical music conductors
1873-1943 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Simon RattleThe great classical music conductors
age 66 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Maurice RavelThe great classical music conductors
1875-1937 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Max RegerThe great classical music conductors
1873-1916 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Carl ReineckeThe great classical music conductors
1824-1910 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Fritz ReinerThe great classical music conductors
1888-1963 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Ottorino RespighiThe great classical music conductors
1879-1936 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Hans RichterThe great classical music conductors
1843-1916 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Karl RichterThe great classical music conductors
1926-1981 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
André RieuThe great classical music conductors
age 71 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Nikolai Rimsky-KorsakovThe great classical music conductors
1844-1908 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Mstislav RostropovichThe great classical music conductors
1927-2007 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Nino RotaThe great classical music conductors
1911-1979 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Gennady RozhdestvenskyThe great classical music conductors
1931-2018 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Miklós RózsaThe great classical music conductors
1907-1995 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Nikolai RubinsteinThe great classical music conductors
1835-1881 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Anton RubinsteinThe great classical music conductors
1829-1894 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
John RutterThe great classical music conductors
age 75 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Camille Saint-SaënsThe great classical music conductors
1835-1921 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Esa-Pekka SalonenThe great classical music conductors
age 62 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Pablo de SarasateThe great classical music conductors
1844-1908 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Jordi SavallThe great classical music conductors
age 79 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Wolfgang SawallischThe great classical music conductors
1923-2013 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
András SchiffThe great classical music conductors
age 67 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Arnold SchoenbergThe great classical music conductors
1874-1951 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Peter SchreierThe great classical music conductors
1935-2019 (20th century)
Composer, Lyrical singer & Conductor
Jean SibeliusThe great classical music conductors
1865-1957 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Bedřich SmetanaThe great classical music conductors
1824-1884 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Georg SoltiThe great classical music conductors
1912-1997 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Alexander SpendiaryanThe great classical music conductors
1871-1928 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
Wilhelm StenhammarThe great classical music conductors
1871-1927 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Leopold StokowskiThe great classical music conductors
1882-1977 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Robert StolzThe great classical music conductors
1880-1975 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Oscar StrausThe great classical music conductors
1870-1954 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Eduard StraussThe great classical music conductors
1835-1916 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
Richard StraussThe great classical music conductors
1864-1949 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Igor StravinskyThe great classical music conductors
1882-1971 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Arthur SullivanThe great classical music conductors
1842-1900 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Franz von SuppéThe great classical music conductors
1819-1895 (Romantic)
Composer & Conductor
Johan SvendsenThe great classical music conductors
1840-1911 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Yevgeny SvetlanovThe great classical music conductors
1928-2002 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
George SzellThe great classical music conductors
1897-1970 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Pyotr Ilyich TchaikovskyThe great classical music conductors
1840-1893 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Yuri TemirkanovThe great classical music conductors
age 82 (20th century)
Conductor
Paul TortelierThe great classical music conductors
1914-1990 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Arturo ToscaniniThe great classical music conductors
1867-1957 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Eduard TubinThe great classical music conductors
1905-1982 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Viktor UllmannThe great classical music conductors
1898-1944 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Edgard VarèseThe great classical music conductors
1883-1965 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Maxim VengerovThe great classical music conductors
age 46 (20th century)
Performer & Conductor
Giuseppe VerdiThe great classical music conductors
1813-1901 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Pancho VladigerovThe great classical music conductors
1899-1978 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Richard WagnerThe great classical music conductors
1813-1883 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
MasterpiecesComplete works
Émile WaldteufelThe great classical music conductors
1837-1915 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Bruno WalterThe great classical music conductors
1876-1962 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
William WaltonThe great classical music conductors
1902-1983 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Anton WebernThe great classical music conductors
1883-1945 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Kurt WeillThe great classical music conductors
1900-1950 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Felix von WeingartnerThe great classical music conductors
1863-1942 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Ralph Vaughan WilliamsThe great classical music conductors
1872-1958 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Eugène YsaÿeThe great classical music conductors
1858-1931 (Romantic)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
Riccardo ZandonaiThe great classical music conductors
1883-1944 (20th century)
Composer & Conductor
Krystian ZimermanThe great classical music conductors
age 64 (20th century)
Composer, Performer & Conductor
See also...
Timelines : Conductors
- The great classical music conductors
- Europe * North America * South America * Asia * Oceania * Africa
- The great 20th-century conductors [II.] (1950 - 2000)
- Europe * North America * South America * Asia * Oceania * Africa
- The great 20th-century conductors [I.] (1900 - 1950)
- Europe * North America * South America * Asia * Oceania * Africa
- The great 19th-century conductors (1850 - 1900)
Indexes
- All conductors : by era * by country
- by alphabetical order : A * B * C * D * E * F * G * H * I * J * K * L * M * N * O * P * Q * R * S * T * U * V * W * X * Y * Z
- Young artists (Conductors)
Other timelines
- Composers : 10 centuries of classical music
- The great lyrical singers
- The great classical music performers
Commemorations 2021, 2022, ...
Last update : 2021-02-01